Gottfried Leibniz (1646 to 1716) rejected Spinoza's pantheism and dismissal of man as one mere mode in the universe. While Spinoza spoke of modes, Leibniz believed that reality was made up of what he called monads. Leibniz posited that the one entity who had access to all the monads was god.

Hence, god has all the answers, and so much of life is a bitter mystery to humans. We only have access to a piece of the elaborate puzzle that is reality, but god has a big picture view of it all.

Like Descartes and Spinoza, Leibniz had a mathematical mindset and found animal passions to be a hindrance. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz all revered logic.

Leibniz posited a few rules of logic that he believed governed reality:

- The principle of noncontradiction; Contradictions are inherently false.

- The principle of sufficient reason: Everything happens for a reason, though it may remain a mystery to you.

- The principle of predication: Everything that predicates a thing is also part of what that thing is, not just something that happens to it.

- The principles of the identity of indiscernibles: Everything is unique. Nothing is exactly alike. If two things were identical, they would be the same thing.

- The principle of the best world: This is the best of all possible worlds. God designed it to be the ultimate in logic and simplicity. By suggesting that this was "the best of all possible worlds," Leibniz did not mean that the world was a grand and glorious Utopia. He meant that the world was like a highly logical, perfectly functioning supercomputer.

How much do you agree with Gottfried Leibniz philosophy?

Mind you and take consideration of the time frame he lived and what he understood about "what could be or should be" without the knowledge we have now.

So we have no Gottfried Liebniz fans huh?